登陆注册
37812000000043

第43章 SPACIAL IDEAS(1)

1. Spacial and temporal ideas are immediately distinguished from intensive ideas by the fact that their parts are united, not in an arbitrarily variable, but in a definitely fixed order, so that when the order is thought of as changed the idea itself changes. Ideas with such a fixed arrangement are called in general extensive ideas.

Of the possible forms of extensive ideas, spacial ideas are distinguished by the fact that the fixed arrangement of the parts of a spacial compound holds only for the relation of the parts to one another, not for their relation to the ideating subject. This latter relation may be thought of as indefinitely varied. The objective independence of spacial compounds from the ideating subject is called the movability and torsibility of spacial compounds. The number of directions in which such movement and torsion may take place; is limited. They may all be reduced to three dimensions, in each of which it is possible to advance in two opposite directions. The number of directions in which the parts of a single compound may be arranged as well as the number in which various compounds may be arranged with reference to one another, is the same as the maximal number of directions in which movement and torsion are possible. This is what we call the three-dimensional character of space. A [p. 103] single spacial idea may, accordingly, be defined as a three dimensional compound whose parts are fixed in their location with regard to one another, but capable of indefinite variation in their location with regard to the ideating subject. This definition neglects, of course, the frequent changes in the arrangement of the parts, which occur in reality. When these changes take place, they are to be regarded as transitions from one idea to another.

This three-dimensional arrangement of spacial ideas must of necessity include one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrangements as special cases. In such cases, however, the wanting dimensions must always be added in thought as soon as the relation of the idea to the ideating subject is taken into account.

2. This relation to the ideating subject, which is really present in all spacial ideas, renders it from the first psychologically impossible that the arrangement of the elements in such an idea should be an original attribute of the elements themselves, analagous to the intensity or quality of sensations; it requires rather that this arrangement should result from the bringing together of these elements, and should arise from some new psychical conditions that come with this coexistence. If this is not admitted, it becomes necessary not only to attribute a spacial quality to every single sensation, but also to postulate for every sensation, however limited, a simultaneous idea of the whole of three-dimensional space in its location with regard to the ideating subject. This would lead to the acceptance of an a priori space-perception prior to all concrete sensations, which is not only contradictory to all our experiences as to the conditions for the rise and development of psychical compounds in general, but also contradictory to all our experiences as to the influences that affect spacial ideas in particular.

3. All spacial ideas are arrangements either of tactical [p.

104] or of visual sensations. Indirectly, through of connection of other sensations with either tactual or visual ideas, the spacial relation may be carried over to other sensations. In the cases of touch and sight, it is obvious that the extended surface of the peripheral sense-organs, and their equipment with organs of movement, which render possible a varying location of the impressions in regard to the ideating subject, are both favorable conditions for an extensive, spacial arrangement of the sensations.

The tactual sense is the earlier of the two here in question, for it appears earlier in the development of organisms and shows the structural relations in much coarser, but for that reason in many respects much plainer, form than the more delicately organized visual organ does. Still, it is to be noted that where vision is present, the spacial ideas from touch are greatly influenced by those from sight. A. SPACIAL TOUCH-IDEAS.

4. The ******st possible touch-idea is a single, approximiately punctiform impression on the skin. If such an impression is presented even when the eyes are turned away, there arises a definite idea of the place touched. Introspection shows that this idea, which is called the localization of the stimulus, under the normal condition where vision is present is not immediate, as we should expect it to be if the spacial quality were an original attribute of sensations, but that it depends upon a secondary, generally very obscure, visial idea of the region touched. Localization is, therefore, more exact near bounding lines of the touch-organs than on the uniform intervening surfaces, since these bounding lines are more prominent in the visual images. The arousal of a visual idea through the tactual impression, even when the eyes are turned away, is possible because every point of the organ of touch [p. 105] gives to the touch-sensation a peculiar qualitative coloring, which is independent of the quality of the external impression and is probably due to the character of the structure of the skin, which varies from point to point and is never exactly the same in two separate regions.

This local coloring is called the local sign of the sensation.

同类推荐
  • 四教仪备释

    四教仪备释

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 道要灵祇神鬼品经

    道要灵祇神鬼品经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 证治汇补

    证治汇补

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 八卦拳学

    八卦拳学

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • A Room With A View

    A Room With A View

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 帝之铭

    帝之铭

    万物自天成,盗者本无心,光阴若逆旅,生死不及情。一枚墨珠降临地球,历经近五百年的尘封后,被修习祖传功法的常铭巧合获得,人族、巫族、妖族、混沌遗族…十万年的争斗从未停止,谁为正,谁又是邪?地球修仙文明曾因四族争霸而兴,又因此渐入没落,直至消失。身怀墨珠的他一步步被牵涉到四族争霸中,回头已无路,唯有向前行!
  • 洞玄灵宝三师名讳形状居观方所文

    洞玄灵宝三师名讳形状居观方所文

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 斗罗大陆之再创传奇

    斗罗大陆之再创传奇

    每一个世界都有个不同的传奇。然而我们的主角李殇死后既然意外的穿越到了熟悉的斗罗大陆世界,这一切是巧合还是一场阴谋又或者是······本书的主角李殇,强大是必须的;老婆是有的,至于几个老婆目前还在纠结当中;装B这还用说么?敬请期待!!!
  • 笑诸天

    笑诸天

    他是洛城的乞儿,从匪窝走出去,从贫贱到绝世,走过腥风血雨,也有欢声笑语,妙手千机盗尽天下,斗武无双战遍诸天。万千世界,群雄争锋,无底的魔渊,浩大的天宫,天骄无尽,风华正茂,诸天的传说又会留下谁?
  • 天行

    天行

    号称“北辰骑神”的天才玩家以自创的“牧马冲锋流”战术击败了国服第一弓手北冥雪,被誉为天纵战榜第一骑士的他,却受到小人排挤,最终离开了效力已久的银狐俱乐部。是沉沦,还是再次崛起?恰逢其时,月恒集团第四款游戏“天行”正式上线,虚拟世界再起风云!
  • 穿越异界当富翁

    穿越异界当富翁

    我叫王磊,我穿越就是为了要发财!打打杀杀我不参与,我只爱钱。
  • 天行

    天行

    号称“北辰骑神”的天才玩家以自创的“牧马冲锋流”战术击败了国服第一弓手北冥雪,被誉为天纵战榜第一骑士的他,却受到小人排挤,最终离开了效力已久的银狐俱乐部。是沉沦,还是再次崛起?恰逢其时,月恒集团第四款游戏“天行”正式上线,虚拟世界再起风云!
  • 黄昏界

    黄昏界

    一段黑暗中仿佛永无尽头的楼梯,让普通的上班族赵辰见识到了另一个世界和一个特殊的群体……他们在黄昏中行走,在阴影中生存,他们是游离在普通世界边缘的人,他们被称之为——他者
  • 盛世莲花,蛇王太傲娇

    盛世莲花,蛇王太傲娇

    麻丹!说好完美的人生,咋就穿越了?那好,穿就穿呗!别人家穿越都是抛头颅,洒热血,翘辫子之后穿,老娘打着cf,喝着可口可乐就穿成了一株白莲花也就算了!你特么的人家穿越是左手小鲜肉,右手花美男,到了老娘这里就是一条巨大的海带,啊呸!海蛇缠着你,还动不动变成小萌蛇来博同情,你推开他吧!还说你“无情,无义,无理取闹”老天!“show.low”(收喽)he吧!还有穿越大神错给了她一支黑手指也就算了,不让我坐拥美男千万她也认了,但是别人家咋就没有她这么大的压力尼?上下养着妖孽海蛇,左右养着空间萌宠。
  • 乱天轮回

    乱天轮回

    夜语,一个从小在傲来国长大的孤儿,然而一场意外的遭遇让他摆脱了命运的枷锁!一个神秘老头突然收他为徒,从此,夜语跟着他学习技能,半年后,老头离开!战斗意识,神念攻击!为他打开了一场通往杀戮的大门!我欲逆天,让天地在我脚下。